Recomendaciones para el uso de tromboprofilaxis en pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 en la Argentina / Recommendations for the use of thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Argentina

Si bien la incidencia es incierta, algunos reportes de caso sugieren que la infección por COVID 19 se asocia con un aumento del riesgo de tromboembolismo venoso. Sugerimos iniciar tromboprofilaxis a todos los pacientes hospitalizados por síntomas asociados con una infección por COVID-19, a menos que esté contraindicado, con enoxaparina 40 mg SC diariamente si el clearance de creatinina es mayor a 30 ml/min.

Although the incidence is uncertain, some case reports suggest that COVID 19 infection is associated with an increased risk of venous thromboembolism. We suggest starting prophylactic anticoagulant therapy for all patients hospitalized with a symptomatic infection with COVID-19, unless contraindicated, with enoxaparin 40 mg SC daily if creatinine clearance is greater than 30 ml/min.

Recomendaciones actualizadas para profilaxis de la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa en Argentina / Updated recommendations for venous thromboembolic prophylaxis in Argentina

La enfermedad tromboembólica venosa (ETV) en adultos hospitalizados posee elevada morbimortalidad, es origen de complicaciones crónicas y determina incrementos de costos para el sistema de salud. Desde la publicación de recomendaciones de tromboprofilaxis en pacientes internados en 2013, han surgido nuevas alternativas y estrategias, que nos motivaron a actualizar nuestras recomendaciones. A pesar de que existen diferentes consensos y guías de práctica clínica la adherencia a las mismas es subóptima. Se han actualizado las diferentes alternativas terapéuticas para los adultos hospitalizados (clínicos no quirúrgicos, quirúrgicos no ortopédicos, con y sin cáncer, ortopédicos y embarazadas), poniendo particular atención en los fármacos disponibles en Argentina.

Venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) in hospitalized adults has high morbidity and mortality, is the origin of chronic complications and increased cost for the health system. Since the publication of recommendations for thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized patients in 2013, new alternatives and strategies have emerged, which motivated us to update our recommendations. Although there are different consensus and clinical practice guidelines, adherence to them is suboptimal. The different therapeutic alternatives for hospitalized adult patients (non-surgical, surgical non-orthopedic, with and without cancer, orthopedic an d pregnant) have been updated, paying particular attention to the drugs available in Argentina.

Control moderado de hiperglucemia luego de infarto cerebral agudo en unidad de cuidados intensivos / Moderate control of hyperglycemia after acute stroke in the intensive care unit

La hiperglucemia después de un accidente cerebrovascular isquémico (ACVi) se asocia con peor pronóstico. Se compararon retrospectivamente los efectos entre el control de la glucemia moderado (corrección a partir de 135 mg/dl) y el conservador (a partir de 200 mg/dl) en evolución neurológica, tiempo de internación y complicaciones asociadas al tratamiento de pacientes con ACVi internados en unidad de cuidados intensivos, al alta y 30 días post-egreso. Se estudiaron 208 pacientes, 103 (24% diabéticos) con tratamiento moderado y 105 (23% diabéticos) con tratamiento conservador. La glucemia media a lo largo de la internación tendió a ser menor con el tratamiento moderado sin significancia estadística (129 ± 30 vs. 138 ± 31 mg/dl; p = 0.06). La diferencia fue significativa en los no diabéticos (119 ± 24 vs. 128 ± 24 mg/dl; p < 0.05), siendo más pronunciada en aquellos no diabéticos con déficit neurológico moderado a grave al ingreso (116 ± 23 vs. 130 ± 23 mg/dl; p < 0.01). Los pacientes que ingresaron con déficit neurológico moderado a grave tuvieron mejor evolución al alta y a 30 días bajo tratamiento moderado (variación de NIHSS: alta 2.1 ± 2.6 vs. 3.4 ± 3; 30 días: 3.2 ± 3 vs. 4.8 ± 3; p < 0.01). La duración de la internación fue menor con tratamiento moderado (6 ± 5 vs. 9 ± 5 días; p < 0.05). No hubo diferencias significativas en la incidencia de hipoglucemias. En conclusión, el control moderado de la glucemia en pacientes con ACVi se asoció con mejor evolución neurológica en aquellos que ingresaban con déficit neurológico moderado a grave (escala de NIH = 4), y una hospitalización más corta, sin un aumento sustancial de episodios de hipoglucemia.

Hyperglycemia following an ischemic stroke has been associated with poor clinical outcome. We retrospectively assessed the effect of moderately controlled plasma glucose (correction from 135mg/dl) compared to conservative treatment (correction from 200 mg/dl), as regards neurological evolution, duration of hospitalization, at discharge and at 30 days post-discharge, also complications associated with the treatment in patients admitted to the intensive care unit. We studied 208 patients, 103 (24% diabetics) with moderate therapy and 105 (23% diabetics) with conservative treatment. The average blood glucose during hospitalization tended to be lower with the moderate treatment with no statistic significance (129 ± 30 vs. 138 ± 31 mg/dl; p = 0.06). The difference was significant in non-diabetics (119 ± 24 vs. 128 ± 24 mg/dl; p < 0.05), being even more pronounced in those non-diabetics with moderate to severe neurological deficit on admission (116 ± 23 vs. 130±23 mg/dl; p < 0.01). Patients admitted with moderate to severe neurological deficit and treated with moderate regime had a better outcome at discharge and at 30 days (NIHSS variation: high 2.1 ± 2.6 vs. 3.4 ± 3; 30 days: 3.2 ± 3 vs. 4.8 ± 3; p < 0.01). The duration of hospitalization was lower in the moderate treatment group (5.7 vs. 9.2 days, p < 0.05), with no significant difference showing in the incidence of hypoglycemia in either group. In conclusion, moderate control of blood glucose in ACVi patients relates to an improved neurological outcome in those admitted with moderate to severe neurological deficits (NIH scale = 4), with a reduced hospital stay, and no substantial increase of hypoglycemia episodes.

Guía de recomendaciones para la profilaxis de la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa en adultos en la Argentina / Venous thromboembolic prophylaxis: Guidelines for adults in Argentina

La enfermedad tromboembólica venosa (ETV) en adultos posee elevada morbimortalidad y puede asociarse a complicaciones crónicas invalidantes. Sin embargo, la adherencia a estándares de cuidado no es óptima. Se analizó la evidencia disponible en tromboprofilaxis y se generaron recomendaciones (1) o sugerencias (2) con diferentes grados de evidencia (A, B o C) para diferentes escenarios y métodos de tromboprofilaxis. En cirugías ortopédicas mayores se recomienda la profilaxis farmacológica con heparinas de bajo peso molecular, HBPM (1B), fondaparinux, dabigatrán y rivaroxaban (1B) que deben iniciarse durante la internación y mantenerse hasta 35 días después de la cirugía de cadera y hasta 10 días posteriores a la artroplastia de rodilla. La artroscopia de rodilla y la cirugía de columna programada no requieren profilaxis farmacológica (2B) salvo que posean factores de riesgo adicionales, en cuyo caso se recomiendan las HBPM. En pacientes con internación clínica y movilidad reducida esperable mayor a tres días, que posean factores de riesgo adicionales, se recomienda tromboprofilaxis con HBPM, HNF o fondaparinux (1B) hasta el alta. Aquellos pacientes neuroquirúrgicos o con HIC deberán recibir inicialmente tromboprofilaxis mecánica (2C) y dependiendo del caso, iniciar HBPM o HNF entre las 24-72 horas posteriores (2C). Estas últimas dos drogas son recomendadas para pacientes críticos. Los pacientes sometidos a cirugías no ortopédicas con bajo riesgo de ETV deberán realizar deambulación precoz (2C) y tromboprofilaxis mecánica (2C), mientras que aquellos en los que el riesgo de ETV sea elevado deberán recibir HBPM y HNF (1B o 2C según su riesgo de sangrado).

The venous thromboembolic disease (VTD) in adults has a high morbidity and mortality. It can be also associated to disabling chronic conditions. In spite of this, prophylaxis in healthcare assistance is still underused. In this article, the available evidence in thromboprophylaxis was analyzed to offer recommendations (1) or suggestions (2) classified according to different levels of evidence (A, B or C). Different medical scenarios and types of thromboprophylaxis were analyzed. In major orthopedic surgeries low molecular weight heparins, LMWH, inhibitors of the Xa and IIa factors are recommended (1B) to be started during hospitalization and continued for 35 days in hip replacement surgery and for 10 days in total knee replacement surgery. Knee arthroscopy and spine surgery do not require pharmacologic treatment (2B) unless the patient has other risks factors for thrombosis. In such cases, LMWH are recommended. Non-surgical patients who have at least one risk factor should receive LMWH, NFH or fondaparinux (1B) if they are to be bedridden or unable to walk for three or more days. Patients undergoing neurosurgery or with intracranial hemorrhage should receive mechanic prophylaxis (2C), and accordingly they should start LMWH or NFH 24 to 72 hours afterwards (2C). The latter two drugs are recommended for critically ill patients. Patients with low risk for VTD undergoing other type of surgeries should be prescribed with mechanical prophylaxis (2C) and encouraged to walk promptly (2C), while those with high risk should be prescribed with LMWH or NFH (1B or 2C according to bleeding risk factors).

Guía de recomendaciones para la profilaxis de la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa en adultos en la Argentina / [Venous thromboembolic prophylaxis. Guidelines for adults in Argentina].

The venous thromboembolic disease (VTD) in adults has a high morbidity and mortality. It can be also associated to disabling chronic conditions. In spite of this, prophylaxis in healthcare assistance is still underused. In this article, the available evidence in thromboprophylaxis was analyzed to offer recommendations (1) or suggestions (2) classified according to different levels of evidence (A, B or C). Different medical scenarios and types of thromboprophylaxis were analyzed. In major orthopedic surgeries low molecular weight heparins, LMWH, inhibitors of the Xa and IIa factors are recommended (1B) to be started during hospitalization and continued for 35 days in hip replacement surgery and for 10 days in total knee replacement surgery. Knee arthroscopy and spine surgery do not require pharmacologic treatment (2B) unless the patient has other risks factors for thrombosis. In such cases, LMWH are recommended. Non-surgical patients who have at least one risk factor should receive LMWH, NFH or fondaparinux (1B) if they are to be bedridden or unable to walk for three or more days. Patients undergoing neurosurgery or with intracranial hemorrhage should receive mechanic prophylaxis (2C), and accordingly they should start LMWH or NFH 24 to 72 hours afterwards (2C). The latter two drugs are recommended for critically ill patients. Patients with low risk for VTD undergoing other type of surgeries should be prescribed with mechanical prophylaxis (2C) and encouraged to walk promptly (2C), while those with high risk should be prescribed with LMWH or NFH (1B or 2C according to bleeding risk factors).